Shell 替代

替代是什麼?

Shell當它遇到一個表達式,其中包含一個或多個特殊字符進行替代。

例子:

下面的例子,同時使打印取代的其值的變量的值。同時「 」是一個新行取代:

#!/bin/sh a=10 echo -e "Value of a is $a
"

這將產生下面的結果。這裏-e選項可以解釋反斜槓轉義。

Value of a is 10

下面是結果沒有-e選項:

Value of a is 10

這裏echo命令可以用在以下轉義序列:

轉義

描述

backslash

a

alert (BEL)



backspace

c

suppress trailing newline

f

form feed

new line

carriage return

horizontal tab

v

vertical tab

可以使用-E選項禁用解釋反斜槓轉義(默認)。

您可以使用-n選項來禁用插入新行。

命令替換:

命令替換shell執行的機制,一組給定的命令,然後替代它們的輸出在命令。

語法

執行命令替換的命令時,被給定爲:

`command`

當執行命令替換,確保您使用的是反引號,不是單引號字符。

例子:

命令替換一般是用一個命令的輸出分配給一個變量。下面的例子演示命令替換:

#!/bin/sh DATE=`date` echo "Date is $DATE" USERS=`who | wc -l` echo "Logged in user are $USERS" UP=`date ; uptime` echo "Uptime is $UP"

這將產生以下結果:

Date is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 Logged in user are 1 Uptime is Thu Jul 2 03:59:57 MST 2009 03:59:57 up 20 days, 14:03, 1 user, load avg: 0.13, 0.07, 0.15

變量替代:

變量替換可使Shell程序員操縱變量的值,根據其狀態。

這裏是所有可能的替換如下表:

格式

描述

${var}

Substitue the value of var.

${var:-word}

If var is null or unset, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change.

${var:=word}

If var is null or unset, var is set to the value of word.

${var:?message}

If var is null or unset, message is printed to standard error. This checks that variables are set correctly.

${var:+word}

If var is set, word is substituted for var. The value of var does not change.

例子:

下面的例子顯示各種狀態,上述替代:

#!/bin/sh echo ${var:-"Variable is not set"} echo "1 - Value of var is ${var}" echo ${var:="Variable is not set"} echo "2 - Value of var is ${var}" unset var echo ${var:+"This is default value"} echo "3 - Value of var is $var" var="Prefix" echo ${var:+"This is default value"} echo "4 - Value of var is $var" echo ${var:?"Print this message"} echo "5 - Value of var is ${var}"

這將產生以下結果:

Variable is not set 1 - Value of var is Variable is not set 2 - Value of var is Variable is not set 3 - Value of var is This is default value 4 - Value of var is Prefix Prefix 5 - Value of var is Prefix