R語言向量
向量是最基本的R數據對象，有六種類型的原子向量。它們分別是邏輯，整數，雙重，複雜，字符和原始。
創建矢量
1.單元素矢量
即使在R中只寫入一個值，它也會被認爲是一個長度爲1的向量，屬於上述向量類型之一。
# Atomic vector of type character.
print("abc");
# Atomic vector of type double.
print(12.5)
# Atomic vector of type integer.
print(63L)
# Atomic vector of type logical.
print(TRUE)
# Atomic vector of type complex.
print(2+3i)
# Atomic vector of type raw.
print(charToRaw('hello'))當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] "abc"
[1] 12.5
[1] 63
[1] TRUE
[1] 2+3i
[1] 68 65 6c 6c 6f2.多元素向量
使用冒號運算符與數字數據 -
# Creating a sequence from 5 to 13.
v <- 5:13
print(v)
# Creating a sequence from 6.6 to 12.6.
v <- 6.6:12.6
print(v)
# If the final element specified does not belong to the sequence then it is discarded.
v <- 3.8:11.4
print(v)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
[1] 6.6 7.6 8.6 9.6 10.6 11.6 12.6
[1] 3.8 4.8 5.8 6.8 7.8 8.8 9.8 10.8使用序列(Seq.)運算符
# Create vector with elements from 5 to 9 incrementing by 0.4.
print(seq(5, 9, by = 0.4))當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] 5.0 5.4 5.8 6.2 6.6 7.0 7.4 7.8 8.2 8.6 9.0使用c()函數
如果其中一個元素是字符，則非字符值被強制爲字符類型。
# The logical and numeric values are converted to characters.
s <- c('apple','red',5,TRUE)
print(s)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] "apple" "red" "5" "TRUE"訪問向量元素
使用索引訪問向量的元素。[]括號用於指定索引。索引從位置1開始。在索引中賦予負值會從結果中刪除該元素。TRUE，FALSE或0和1也可用於索引。
# Accessing vector elements using position.
t <- c("Sun","Mon","Tue","Wed","Thurs","Fri","Sat")
u <- t[c(2,3,6)]
print(u)
# Accessing vector elements using logical indexing.
v <- t[c(TRUE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,FALSE,TRUE,FALSE)]
print(v)
# Accessing vector elements using negative indexing.
x <- t[c(-2,-5)]
print(x)
# Accessing vector elements using 0/1 indexing.
y <- t[c(0,0,0,0,0,0,1)]
print(y)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] "Mon" "Tue" "Fri"
[1] "Sun" "Fri"
[1] "Sun" "Tue" "Wed" "Fri" "Sat"
[1] "Sun"
`向量操作
向量算術
可以將相同長度的兩個向量相加，減去，相乘或相除，給出結果作爲向量輸出。如下示例 -
# Create two vectors.
v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)
v2 <- c(4,11,0,8,1,2)
# Vector addition.
add.result <- v1+v2
print(add.result)
# Vector substraction.
sub.result <- v1-v2
print(sub.result)
# Vector multiplication.
multi.result <- v1*v2
print(multi.result)
# Vector division.
divi.result <- v1/v2
print(divi.result)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] 7 19 4 13 1 13
[1] -1 -3 4 -3 -1 9
[1] 12 88 0 40 0 22
[1] 0.7500000 0.7272727 Inf 0.6250000 0.0000000 5.5000000向量元素回收
如果我們對兩個不等長度的向量應用算術運算，則將循環使用較短向量的元素來完成操作。
v1 <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11)
v2 <- c(4,11)
# V2 becomes c(4,11,4,11,4,11)
add.result <- v1+v2
print(add.result)
sub.result <- v1-v2
print(sub.result)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] 7 19 8 16 4 22
[1] -1 -3 0 -6 -4 0向量元素排序
可以使用sort()函數對向量中的元素進行排序。
v <- c(3,8,4,5,0,11, -9, 304)
# Sort the elements of the vector.
sort.result <- sort(v)
print(sort.result)
# Sort the elements in the reverse order.
revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)
print(revsort.result)
# Sorting character vectors.
v <- c("Red","Blue","yellow","violet")
sort.result <- sort(v)
print(sort.result)
# Sorting character vectors in reverse order.
revsort.result <- sort(v, decreasing = TRUE)
print(revsort.result)當我們執行上述代碼時，會產生以下結果 -
[1] -9 0 3 4 5 8 11 304
[1] 304 11 8 5 4 3 0 -9
[1] "Blue" "Red" "violet" "yellow"
[1] "yellow" "violet" "Red" "Blue"